From the analysis of ethical freedom it is concluded that both conflict and friendship are side-effects of the essential bond between subjects and their mutual need for one another. She associates reciprocal recognition between subjects with ethical freedom, which she distinguishes from Sartre’s concept of freedom. Beauvoir shares Hegel’s optimism that individuals can sublate their naïve solipsism. Like Hegel, she defines oppression as the failure to recognise the otherness of the other. Beau-voir appreciates the degree to which Hegel makes subjectivity indebted to otherness. This essay shows how Beauvoir’s appropriation of Hegel in The Ethics of Ambiguity offers a perspective on inter-subjectivity that defies the other-conquering Cartesian hero implied by Kojève and celebrated in Sartre’s Being and Nothingness. Kojève’s lectures on Phenomenology of Spirit generated two ideas–otherness is something threatening that must be overcome and one’s relationships with others are inexorably violent–that fundamentally shaped the way many exponents of early French phenomenology regarded intersubjectivity.
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